公众素质、外部环境对公众再生水接受态度的影响

公众对再生水的接受态度是再生水推广的关键。构建公众素质、主观规范、信息公开、政策环境、再生水接受态度与再生水接受意愿的关系假设模型,并以356份来自西安市居民问卷作为调研对象,运用结构方程模型进行实证分析。结果表明,接受态度正向影响接受意愿,其中主观规范是影响再生水接受态度的主要因素,信息公开与公众素质是次要因素,政策环境对再生水接受态度的影响不显著。     

基于二元水循环的水量-水质-水效联合调控模型开发与应用

为将我国最严格水资源管理制度的实践与二元水循环理论相结合，提高“三条红线”控制指标的科学性与合理性，本文以SWAT模型为基础，通过改进子流域划分方法、添加经济社会模块和人工用水模块，对其人工侧支循环模拟进行了系统的完善，开发了基于SWAT的水量-水质-水效联合调控模型SWAT_WAQER。以广西南流江流域为例，从国民经济用水量、河道径流与水质等方面对模型进行校验，并在此基础上划分了2030年“三条红线”控制指标。结果表明：该模型性能良好，能够用于不同节水情景下的国民经济用水量、污染物排放量、水功能区水质达标结果分析，可以作为科学制定“三条红线”控制指标的有力支撑工具。     

吐哈盆地克尔碱凹陷煤层煤质特征与成煤环境

为了揭示吐哈盆地克尔碱凹陷不同矿区煤质形成条件，探讨该区煤质与成煤环境的关系，基于对主采煤层样品工业分析、有害组分及灰成分指标等数据分析，在对克尔碱凹陷地层分布、含煤岩系特征等基本地质条件分析的基础上，运用煤地质学、煤岩学、煤化学等理论和方法，系统总结凹陷内各矿区煤层赋存特征、煤质特征，探讨区内煤岩煤质与成煤环境的关系。结果表明：研究区自西向东划分6个主要矿区,区内煤层主要发育于中侏罗统西山窑组（J2x）和下侏罗统八道湾组（J1b）地层之中。研究区煤质呈低灰、低硫、高挥发分特征，煤灰成分以SiO2、Al2O3为主。综合分析表明，研究区中-下侏罗统主要煤层形成于湖泊-河流三角洲淡水沉积环境，具陆相成煤特征，成煤环境温暖潮湿。     

Evaluation of small-scale combustion of an insensitive high explosive formulation containing 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO), 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN), and 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX)

ABSTRACT

Energetic materials are often disposed by open-burning or open-detonation as it is a cost-effective and efficient means of destroying explosive material, and often minimizes the need to transport hazardous explosives to treatment facilities. This practice is often scrutinized for the negative environmental impact of the odorous and unsightly toxic gaseous emissions as well as the resulting deposition residues, which often contain unburned energetic materials. With the increasing use of Insensitive High Explosive compositions in munitions, it is essential that the potential environmental impact of their disposal is assessed before their extensive use to prevent the kind of contamination incidents experienced with legacy explosives. Therefore, the aim of this work was to develop a controlled laboratory experiment to identify the gaseous emissions and the energetic material residues that are generated through the combustion of the IHE components 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO), 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN), and 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX). A sealed vial containing small (mg) quantities of energetic material was heated until the energetic material combusted. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GCMS) was used to calculate the oxygen consumption and to identify the gases that were generated. The solid residues were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to quantify unburned energetic material. Results showed that DNAN was the most resistant to burning, thus leaving significant quantities of unreacted starting material in the vial. An interesting observation for the IHE formulation was that DNAN also inhibited the combustion of NTO and RDX. The gases emitted during the open burning of IHE components and mixtures included CO, CO₂, and N₂O as expected, but the proportions differed when the components and mixture were compared, reflecting the influence of DNAN on the burning behavior. From our data, we concluded that open-burning DNAN-based formulations is an environmentally unfavorable waste-management practice for the disposal of IHEs mainly due to generation of solid residues as well as unburnt DNAN.     

数据中心内服务器能耗数据采集及特征分析

数据中心的高能耗低能效问题正受到广泛关注与研究，但目前没有公开的数据中心内服务器能耗数据集供研究人员使用，且现有过滤式特征选择并不能满足运维人员的需求。为此，提出了一套模拟数据中心内服务器运行状态的仿真环境架构，基于该架构采集了服务器运行各类任务时的多项性能指标和能耗数据。然后将基于因果关系的特征选择应用于能耗数据集的特征分析中，构建出可解释的特征子集和能耗预测结果。实验结果表明，因果特征子集大小约为过滤式特征子集大小的1/3到1/6，并且使用因果特征子集训练的模型在75%的情况下都取得了最优预测精度。     

浅议生态环境监测机构的风险控制

现阶段,为了探索创新性的发展途径,生态环境监测机构应始终增强风险控制意识。应加强风险管理,立足于风险控制,以求不断健康发展。     

Effects of breed,farm intensiveness,and cow productivity level on cheese-making ability predicted using infrared spectral data at the population level

Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra collected during milk recording schemes at population level can be used for predicting novel traits of interest for farm management, cows' genetic improvement, and milk payment systems. The aims of this study were as follows. (1) To predict cheese yield traits using FTIR spectra from routine milk recordings exploiting previously developed calibration equations. (2) To compare the predicted cheese-making abilities of different dairy and dual-purpose breeds. (3) To analyze the effects of herds' level of intensiveness (HL) and of the cow's level of productivity (CL). (4) To compare the patterns of predicted cheese yields with the patterns of milk composition in different breeds to discern the drivers of cheese-making efficiency. The major sources of variation of FTIR predictions of cheese yield ability (fresh cheese or cheese solids produced per unit milk) of individual milk samples were studied on 115,819 cows of 4 breeds (2 specialized dairy breeds, Holstein and Brown Swiss, and 2 dual-purpose breeds, Simmental and Alpine Grey) from 6,430 herds and exploiting 1,759,706 FTIR test-day spectra collected over 7 yr of milk sampling. Calibration equations used were previously developed on 1,264 individual laboratory model cheese procedures (cross-validation R² 0.85 and 0.95 for fresh and solids cheese yields, respectively). The linear model used for statistical analysis included the effects of parity, lactation stage, year of calving, month of sampling, HL, CL, breed of cow, and the interactions breed × HL and breed × CL. The HL and CL stratifications (5 classes each) were based on average daily secretion of milk net energy per cow. All effects were highly significant. The major conclusions were as follows. (1) The FTIR-based prediction of cheese yield of milk goes beyond the knowledge of fat and protein content, partially explaining differences in cheese-making ability in different cows, breeds and herds. (2) Differences in cheese yields of different breeds are only partially explained by milk fat and protein composition, and less productive breeds are characterized by a higher milk nutrient content as well as a higher recovery of nutrients in the cheese. (3) High-intensive herds not only produce much more milk, but the milk has a higher nutrient content and a higher cheese yield, whereas within herds, compared with less productive cows, the more productive cows have a much greater milk yield, milk with a greater content of fat but not of protein, and a moderate improvement in cheese yield, differing little from expectations based on milk composition. Finally, (4) the effects of HL and CL on milk quality and cheese-making ability are similar but not identical in different breeds, the less productive ones having some advantage in terms of cheese-making ability. We can obtain FTIR-based prediction of cheese yield from individual milk samples retrospectively at population level, which seems to go beyond the simple knowledge of milk composition, incorporating information on nutrient retention ability in cheese, with possible advantages for management of farms, genetic improvement of dairy cows, and milk payment systems.     

水热法主要提取因素对光皮木瓜多糖结构的影响

目的 优化水热法提取光皮木瓜（Chaenomeles sinensis）多糖的提取工艺条件，对光皮木瓜不溶性多糖的组成和结构进行分析。方法 预处理后的光皮木瓜样品经水热法提取、抽滤、冲洗，浓缩等操作，分别得到不溶性多糖、醇沉多糖和醇溶多糖，通过傅里叶变换红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜及X射线衍射分析不溶性多糖的组成和结构。 结果 多糖提取的较优条件为150 ℃/45 min，料液比1∶10 (W/V)；温度对水热法提取效果影响显著，适当升高温度、延长提取时间和减少料液比有利于多糖提取；高温虽能促进半纤维素溶解，但无法使木质素和木聚糖降解；即使提取温度不同，光皮木不溶性多糖的结构差异也极小；水热法提取光皮木瓜多糖不会导致多糖的功能性基团变化，只改变多糖的化学组成。结论 该研究可为光皮木瓜多糖的结构与功能研究提供实验依据，也为陕西白河光皮木瓜资源的综合利用提供研究参考。     

The introduction strategy of the emerging online marketplace considering risk attitude and channel power

With the development of online retailing, traditional online platforms have begun to offer a novel online marketplace format that brings many advantages but also gives rise to problems such as operational risks and changes in channel power. This paper studies whether the e-tailer and manufacturer can reach a consensus on introducing the marketplace channel and obtains the following insights. First, the manufacturer always prefers to introduce the online marketplace in the model where she acts as the leader. The e-tailer has the same preference for the online marketplace when he moves later or simultaneously with the manufacturer. Second, as the participants become more risk-averse, the manufacturer and e-tailer would be less willing to introduce the online marketplace, and it would be more difficult to realize the equilibrium strategy under all power structure models. Third, by combining the cross-effect of the attitude towards risks and the power structure, we find that when the participants prefer risks and the e-tailer has strong channel power, it would be much easier for the two parties to reach a consensus about introducing the online marketplace.     

The rapid synthesis of nanostructured orthorhombic KNbO3 particles by a microwave-assisted hydrothermal method and their characterization

We studied the molar ratio effects of niobium and potassium precursors on the structure and morphology of potassium niobate powders prepared via microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis (MaHS). KNbO₃ nanostructures in the form of nanotowers and nanocubes were obtained at reduced synthesis times (30–240 min). The products were characterized via XRD, Raman spectroscopy, SEM, and TEM; band gap calculations used diffuse reflectance data. The results indicate that KNbO₃ nanostructures were obtained with crystallite sizes ranging from 33 to 52 nm. An orthorhombic crystalline structure was formed from the increase of KOH at a molar ratio Nb₂O₅:KOH (1:8 to 1:16 M). The band-gap of 3.1–3.3 eV has potential use in photodegradation applications.